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Postwar transmitters were supposed to be different, as they could be operated by civilians. The idea was that they would send messages in clear plaintext without the security risks of having to share a key with an operator. In practice, perhaps owing to their now-inexhaustible power, these messages often started out as garbled and ended up being transcribed from a "clear" Morse tone into clear text messages The United States National Security Agency maintains a top secret site for decoding messages sent by the Soviet Union's military cipher machines during World War II This is their official site for English language codebreakers. ransliteration for the Russian mnemonic writing system. The site provides a good overview of the Soviet cipher machines, which used five-character "alphabet" designations. A typical example is the M4 cipher machine, which was designed in 1930 and distributed to field units of Red Army's intelligence organization by order of Red Army's General Headquarters. The machine became widely known by its mnemonic designation "M4" (English alphabet E ). Lacking a mnemonic designation, it was nicknamed "M" in English . M4 is also an example of what has dubbed "Morse-to-English transliteration", in that the ciphers were based on traditional English characters in Cyrillic letters. The site provides a good overview of the Soviet cipher machines, which used five-character "alphabet" designations. A typical example is the M4 cipher machine, which was designed in 1930 and distributed to field units of Red Army's intelligence organization by order of Red Army's General Headquarters. The machine became widely known by its mnemonic designation "M4" (English alphabet E ). Lacking a mnemonic designation, it was nicknamed "M" in English . M4 is also an example of what has dubbed "Morse-to-English transliteration", in that the ciphers were based on traditional English characters in Cyrillic letters. NSA's contribution to the Venice Signals Intelligence Center's effort to break codes from German World War II cipher machines were instrumental in shortening the war. The Germans called these machines Enigma, but the English name comes from a series of rotors, or "wheels", that could be mounted inside a boxlike device with an input and an output. The Enigma was carried by German officers in World War II and used for encryption of their radio messages carried by radio stations throughout Europe and Africa. Its importance is indicated by the fact that it was given a four-letter mnemonic designation, though there were actually more than a dozen variants on the Enigma machine during World War II . The Italian Navy used an Enigma machine, but the Allied cryptanalysts did not manage to break it until the war was almost over. Perhaps they were able to do so because of a built-in bookkeeping system that recorded the key settings for each day of use. In 1993, Unisys declassified their archives on several WWII projects. A new mnemonic designation system was used for Enigma machines from all German military services and allies, according to a new classification hierarchy into three levels: high-level , high-low level and low-level . Also see: http://www.maritimehistoryoftheitalianempire. cfa1e77820